IELTS Essay On Fast Food

Modern habits and lifestyles demand that we achieve many more goals and targets every day. Our iPhone, tablet, GPS and laptop enable us to communicate instantly, get instant answers and have access to instant information. We live very fast lives and many of us want this to extend to our eating habits. Fast food allows us to eat ‘tasty’, economic, convenient meals in a very short time. This is a vexing problem for health professionals and governments globally because, despite advances in scientific research, which tells us how bad a poor diet is for our health, the incidence of obesity is reaching epidemic levels in parts of the world, such as America, Europe and even parts of Asia, and much of it is due to an increased consumption of fast food.Disregard for the advice of health professionals is a malaise that can be directly linked with our modern world and its stressfully quick lifestyle and the highly successful, perhaps too successful, marketing and production of high fat, high sugar, low-nutrient food.What can a government do? They can manage their system of taxation to encourage the provision of healthy cafes, restaurants and fast food outlets. Conversely they can ‘punish’ unhealthy fast food companies with heavier taxation. They can also change the law with regard to the amount of sugar and fat that is allowed in prepared foods.With a determined and sustained campaign to improve people’s awareness and understanding of the dangers of fast food, authorities might do much to ameliorate the situation. However longterm and long-lasting dietary change would need to be part of a wider campaign to promote not just ‘slow' healthy food but a slower pace of life generally.

Communication Barriers Essay

The problem that is to be addressed will be the communication barriers between employees and management. Some people have a problem with the way they receive the conversation or the way people talk to them and other people have a problem with the way they use their verbal and nonverbal communication skills. There are many ways to determine the proper way to communicate and to miscommunicate. Solving the problem of non-communication in the work place can be easy, but at the same time it can be very costly. The movie Devil Wears Prada is a great example of miscommunication. The main owner, editor or â€Å"CEO† of that corporation talks to the new girl as if she has worked there for years. The new girl is given directions and does not know how to proceed with them because she was not trained properly. In the movie the CEO makes a statement â€Å"Emily? Emily? † Finally someone tells the new girl that the CEO means her and the new girl goes into the office. CEO states â€Å"Get me that guy I talked to yesterday about the skirts and scarfs on the phone. † The new girl goes back out of the office to her desk and starts looking for a phone number, but she has no idea who to look for, the first assistant, just coming back from lunch, asked the new girl â€Å"What are you doing? † The new girl tells the first assistant what the CEO said and within seconds the CEO was talk to the guy she spoke to yesterday about the skirts and scarfs. In this incident, there was minimal communication and there are also many ways to fix this. For instance, the first assistant should have taught the new girl about the phone directory, terms, and where to find other things that could be useful. If the new girl was trained correctly, then while the first assistant was at lunch, the new girl would have been able to handle the phones, but would still have problems not knowing what person the CEO talked to yesterday about the skirts or scarfs. With this part of the communication barrier, the CEO should have been more informative on the information that she gave the new girl. For instance, if the CEO had given the name of the person she talked to, then it would have narrowed down the people she to yesterday or vise-versa, or the CEO could have given the company name and with the correct training could have determined the person she talked to the day before. There are many ways to work on the communication between the CEO, manager, and another associate. The main objective should be to train the person properly before â€Å"throwing them to the wolves,† or putting them â€Å"on the sales floor† If the person is trained properly then they will learn the terminology, phone directory, and also know where to find other things related to going the job. When giving tasks to carry out, you would need to give specifics on what you want and names or descriptions of what is expected. When receiving the tasks, if you do not understand, then ask questions on what the other person is looking for or how to go about doing getting the job done.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 30

Though Damon wanted to die alone, I had unfinished business to attend to. I made my way from the quarry and began to walk back to the estate. The woods smelled like smoke, and the leaves were starting to turn. They crunched under the worn boots I had on my feet, and I remembered all the times Damon and I had played hide-and-seek as children. I wondered if he had any regrets, or if he felt as empty as I did. I wondered if we'd see each other in Heaven, being as we were. I walked toward the house. The carriage house was charred and burned, its beams exposed like a skeleton. Several of the statues around the labyrinth were broken, and torches and debris littered the once-lush lawn. But the porch light at the main house was on, and a buggy stood at attention beneath the portico. I walked around the back and heard voices coming from the porch. Immediately, I dove under the hedges. Hidden by the leaves, I crawled on my hands and knees against the wall until I came to the bay window that looked into the porch. Peering in, I made out the shadow of my father. A single candle cast weak beams of light around the room, and I noticed that Alfred wasn't in his normal spot sitting at the door, ready to instantly greet guests. I wondered if any of the servants had been killed. â€Å"More brandy, Jonathan? Laced with vervain. Not that we need to worry anymore,† Father said, his words floating out the door. â€Å"Thank you, Giuseppe. And thank you for having me here. I realize you have much on your mind,† answered Jonathan somberly, as he accepted the tumbler. I saw the concern etched on Jonathan's face, and my heart went out to him for the terrible truth he'd had to learn about Pearl. â€Å"Y Thank you,† Father said, waving off the es. thought. â€Å"But it's important that we end this sad chapter of our town's history. It is the one thing I want to do for my sons. After all, I do not want the Salvatore legacy to be that of demon sympathizers.† Father cleared his throat. â€Å"So the battle of Willow Creek happened when a group of Union insurgents mounted an attack on the Confederate camp,† he began in his sonorous baritone voice, as if telling a story. â€Å"And Stefan and Damon hid out in the woods to see if they could find any rogue soldiers, and at that point †¦,† Jonathan continued. â€Å"At that point they were tragically killed, just like the twenty-three other civilians who died for their country and their beliefs. It was a Confederate victory, but it came at the cost of innocent lives,† Father said, raising his voice as if to make himself believe the story he was weaving. â€Å"Y And I'll speak with the Hagertys about es. creating a monument. Something to acknowledge this terrible period in our town's history,† Jonathan murmured. I raised myself up on my knees, peeking through a spot at the corner of the window. I saw Father nodding in satisfaction, and cold seeped through my veins. So this was the legacy of my death–that I was killed by a band of degenerate soldiers. Now I knew I needed to speak to Father more than ever. He needed to hear the whole truth, to know that Damon and I weren't sympathizers, to know that the problem could have been cured without so much bloodshed and violence. â€Å"But Giuseppe †¦ ?† Jonathan asked, taking a long drink from his tumbler. â€Å"Y Jonathan?† es, â€Å"It is a triumphant moment in our town's history. The vampires are destroyed, and their bodies will turn to dust. We rid the town of the scourge, and thanks to the burning of the church, it will never come back. There were hard choices and heroism, but we won. That is your legacy,† Jonathan said as he slammed his ledger closed with a definitive thump. Father nodded and drained his own tumbler, then stood up. â€Å"Thank you,† he said, holding out his hand. I watched as the two men shook hands, then watched as Jonathan disappeared into the shadows of the house. A moment later, I heard his carriage being hitched and the horses riding away. I crawled to the edge of the hedgerow. I stood up, my knees creaking, and walked through the door and into the house that was once mine.

GEOGRAPHIES OF SUSTAINABLE FOOD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GEOGRAPHIES OF SUSTAINABLE FOOD - Essay Example The global food print has risen sturdily over the years. In 1961, 27% of the earth’s biosphere had been used up by the global food system (Deumling, Wackernagel and Monfreda 1). Currently, 40% of the earth’s biologically productive area is under the global food system or 47%, if non-edible crops (such as tobacco) or unharvested crops are included (Deumling, Wackernagel and Monfreda 2). Infrastructure and urban growth utilizes the additional productive land, while also exerting pressure on existing ecosystems. In fact, expanding food production to new and less productive marginal lands is not a sustainable option in the long term. Bringing the global food print in line with the earth’s biosphere capacity is the only sustainable solution to the current unsustainable global food system (Deumling, Wackernagel and Monfreda 1). Three major revolutions have changed agricultural production in the fullness of time. The initial revolution concerned the growth of sow agricu lture and the utilization of animal muscle to increase arable land. The next revolution occupied the more advance of technologies, such as enhanced yokes for extra organized animal labor, fertilizers application, and improvement of drainage systems; at the same instant, the industrial revolution began. The third revolution was distinguished by numerous innovations; food manufacturing chemical agriculture and automation. The last revolution laid the base for the agricultural industry, transforming agriculture from the farm to the entire practice of developing high yielding hybrids, as well as food transport to the user, developing an agro-commodity manufacture scheme (Knox and Marston 266). Biotechnology is a new phenomenon in agriculture. Enthusiasts on the one hand suggest that production expenses reduce when biotechnology is utilized in farming, handling matters of environmental deterioration, chemicals misuse, and soil exhaustion. All together, Biotechnology worries a number of c ritics who argue that the circulation of Biotechnology resides in the selected parts of the world, with its advantages never benefiting the consumer. Biotechnology seeks to transform farming, making several farming practices outdated (Knox and Marston 298). What are the main challenges currently confronting our global food system? The current global food system was popular until late in the 20th century. More food was produced than before, more cheaply and with a measure of safety, assortment, quality, and ease that previous generations would find puzzling (Wilson 1). Hunger seemed to be a thing of the past. Currently however, the global food systems seem to promote overconsumption and scarcity, at the same time shrinking the earth’s ability to produce food in future. (Wilson 2). Aligning the global food print with the earth’s biosphere capacity is the major challenge facing the current global food system. The global food print is comprised of four primary components, these are cropland. Pasture, energy, and fisheries. Understanding patterns of bio-capacity consumption by each of these sectors enables easier and specific targeting of these consumption areas of the global food print (Deumling, Wackernagel and Monfreda 2). The cropland footprint has gradually increased with the world population. Intensified

Bullying English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bullying English - Essay Example Bullying may occur because of several reasons that include but are not limited to racism, hatred, and jealousy. When an individual bullies another, it fundamentally reflects a sense of insecurity in the bully to alleviate which, the individual tends to make use of bullying. Bullying is one of the most complicated issues in all kinds of organizations including schools and offices. This paper discusses the effects of bullying on the victim. Bullying has many negative effects on the psychological and physical health of an individual at any age, and is often a root-cause of life-long trauma. Bullying has many psychological effects on the victim. Bullying puts the victim into the psychological trauma. This does not only put the victim into depression, but also ruins the personality of the victim. The victim loses the tendency to deal with the challenges of life. The victim tends to underestimate his ability to handle bullies in any kind of task, because he has failed to deal with them eff ectively once in the past. This shatters the victim’s self-confidence. While the victim has a lot of potential, he is not able to utilize that because of under-estimation of his abilities. Mental scars are much more long-lasting and painful as compared to the physical scars that may be caused by bullying. Mental scars are formed as a result of complete break-down of the reputation, self-respect, and self-esteem of the victim of bullying. Sometimes, bullying inculcates violence in the behavior of the victim. The feeling that he was not able to defend himself against the bully makes the victim over-conscious in his social behavior in the future. The victim tends to interpret everything negatively even if it was not intended by the other party. Thinking that bullying has caused him a lot of suffering in the past, and moved by the urge to not let that happen ever again to him, the victim overreacts in situations where it is not required at all. As a result of this, the victim sta rts losing his respect in the eyes of others and is perceived by the society as an evil person. â€Å"[S]o many children who are bullied turn to delinquent behaviors in an effort to escape the mental anguish that has pushed upon them by a bully† (I Hate Bullies, 2009). While at heart, the victim is not a bad person and the over-reaction is just a measure of self-defense necessitated by years of pain and suffering, he gets his image tarnished in the eyes of the public. Bullying has many physical effects on the victim, particularly when the bully casts physical abuse on the victim. Physical abuse can cause anything ranging from minor scars to death of the victim. Victim of bullying is susceptible to becoming drug addict. Victims of bullying tend to seek refuge in drugs in an attempt to escape the constant feeling of embarrassment and loss of self-esteem caused by bullying. The victim becomes extremely depressed and finds ways to numb the depression, and drugs seem to provide a way out. The victim starts from occasional drug intake, and gradually becomes regular which leads him to the path of drug addiction

Team Performance Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Performance Measurement - Essay Example Even though performance evaluation can be a successful process that acts as a basis for human resource development in healthcare organizations, there is a likelihood of various challenges being encountered especially if some of the team members consider it to be a punitive undertaking by the management. In a situation whereby individual accomplishments are valued more than teamwork (Sangvai et al. 2008), the junior staff in the healthcare cadre may regard performance measurement as an undesirable process due to their minimal contributions in the hierarchical structure where physicians dominate leadership and public trust. Such attitudes of inferiority may hamper the process of performance measurement as some team members feel intimidated (Castka et al. 2004). Members of a team usually have different perceptions regarding their individual performance and that of others. Some perceive themselves as the top performers, which may present a challenge in the performance measurement process when the continuous feedback to the group reveals results that are contrary to their expectations. If such individuals are rated below their counterparts in the preliminary results, they are likely to be de-motivated and discontented, thereby lowering their performance. Enthusiasm of such team members to participate in subsequent performance measurement processes may decrease; hence delaying the evaluation exercise and the ultimate results (Schrader & Lawless, 2004). Even though a strong team is expected to pursue shared objectives, the different roles require individual performance evaluation so that the management can determine the career development needs for each employee (Sanwong, 2008). This presents a major challenge since the teams normal workflow is affected by the idiosyncratic approach that promotes individualism rather than collective accomplishment of tasks. Some of the team members are likely to develop a pessimistic attitude thereby reducing their

Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir - Assignment Example All the films of this type had similar idea and topic. Often they described difficult situations that had to be overcome by the antihero. The introduction of antihero is a very important characteristic of noir style. The main hero was not noble and positive, he had many drawbacks, but still managed to make readers like him. The key element of this type of films was portraying the life of people with negative characteristics or bad reputations. The lives of criminals and gangsters were often used as central theme. The noir films were created in 1940 -1950 until the new term was introduced. In the 1970s the term â€Å"neo-noir† appeared. The difference between the genres was in the technologies that were used in the 1970s. Another peculiarity of the neo-noir films was their modernization, as they commonly depicted events, which happen at the time when they were created. Such type of movies appeared due to the great number of social attitudes. The noir films managed to change the views of people. The possibility to have any kind of relations with the antiheroes and not just to reject them was the main idea of the noir films. The noir films made people like and admire the main heroes. The position of the neo-noir films where one had just to observe and not to be a part of the performance was quite different. The theme of the film predetermines such attitude of the watchers. A number of new topics were presented by neo-noir films (Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir). The Double Indemnity is the classical noir film that was created in the 1914 by Bill Walder. The film was based on the play by James Keyne, which had the narrative character or technique. The Double Identity was included in the list of films of the National Register by the Congress Library in 1992. According to the critics, this picture is the most completed and recommended tutorial on the noir films. One of the brightest femme fatale images in the history of filmmaking was create by the Barbar a Stenwick. Experts state that film by Walder had become the model for a number of films about vamp women, who ruinously influenced the honest men. In the 1981 the movie was re-shoot under the title Body Heat. The title of the movie depicted the traditional state of the insurance policy of that time that provided the guarantee of the double payment in case if insured person died from the accident. A handsome insurance agent Walter Neff, the hero of Fred Murrey, met the fatal blonde Fillis Dietrichson that was played by the Barbara Stenwick. Dierichson easily charmed the main hero Neff. The name and the manners of the main heroine remind us about Marlen Dietrich. Dietrichson manipulated Neff and persuaded him to get rid from her husband and in order to guarantee the prosperous life in future gave the insurance policy with the double indemnity for signature to her doomed husband. The criminals had realized their plan skillfully. The next day the coworker and the friend of Neff Barton Kiz intervened. Not even suspecting Neff he turned the life of the murderer into nightmare. Keyne’s narrative was based on the real crime that was committed in the 1927 and stirred up the whole America. First drafts appeared in the 1935 but they were banned by the advocates of the Heise Code who considered the story to be immoral. The isolated detached houses of 1920s build in the colonial style were chosen for shooting. You can notice the script writer Raymond Chandler who had accidently been in the

Rethinking Imperial Power in Global Times Essay

Rethinking Imperial Power in Global Times - Essay Example The two countries’ economies are among the fastest growing economies of the world. China and India have sought to make good international relations. Countries such as the United States are concerned about what the international relations of China and India will result into, in future, in terms of global affairs. This paper analyses economic development, military advancement and political growth of both India and China to determine how the two countries may influence the world in future. Therefore, based on the actual and predicted development of China and India, the paper critically evaluates the countries’ chances to emerge as a new global power. Located in the South East of Asia, China is the third largest country in the world, following Russia and Canada (Richardson, 2007, p, 6). China has a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, and can therefore, influence major global issues (Callahan, 2005, p, 701). The United States could be the largest and most powerful economy in terms of defence technology, but the United States does not contribute towards changing the global economy as much as China does. Based on China’s economy, the country has been doing well on every aspect of economic development. For instance, China dominates the roads construction sector in the world and manufactures almost every product. To be a bit specific, most consumer electronics are manufactured in China. That is why in every household, there is a product made in China. This is a goal that the country had set long time ago that every household should at least have one product made in China by the twenty first century. Surprisingly, China has achieved this goal. From the country’s economic data, it is evident that china influences the global economy. For instance, consumer spending is expected to rise from 35% to 50% by 2015. This will give China an upper hand to grow economically. 70% of United States GDP is derived from consumer spending (US Commercial Service, 2013). It should also be noted that China seeks to develop biotechnology. The country bases its modernisation process mainly on its domestic resources (Bijian, 2005, p, 20). Chart1: China’s Current and Projected Consumer Spending China’s economic growth is remarkable. The country recorded an economic growth rate of 7.8% in 2012 and 9.3% in 2011. This was much better, compared to United States of America’s economic growth rate of 2.2%, India’s growth rate of 3.2%, Japan’s growth rate of 1.9%, Germany’s growth rate of 0.7% and United Kingdom’s economic growth rate of 3.2% (Chart 2). This follows that China is the second largest economy of the world, after America. In addition, according to the 2012 International Monetary Fund report on GDP of various countries, China ranks second, after the United States of America. Furthermore, China is expected to narrow the margin by 2017, as per the estimates. According to 2050 estimates, China is expected to be the world’s largest economy, followed by United States of America. By 2001, United States of America was the largest oil consumer, while China was third, but by 2009, China had risen to the second position. Innovations have been occurring in many parts of the Chinese economy (Chow, 2010). This innovation begins from private enterprises to educational institutions. Chart 2: Economic Growth of China and India As a result of adopting industrialization, China has increased its dependency

Should the War on Drugs end Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Should the War on Drugs end - Essay Example They consider that the usage of drugs should be legalized in order to reduce the ratio of drug employment by the masses of America. According to William F. Buckley in his essay about the failure of war on drugs, drug taking is a gregarious activity. Buckley informs that there is no involvement of medical proceedings and medical evaluation in order to check the amount of consumption of drugs because of its being illegal (Buckley 1996). Because of illegality of drugs, medical evaluation is not possible. The war on drugs has failed because more people die because of the war on drugs in place of overdosing (Buckley 1996). According to Buckley, because of drug usage being illicit, people are involved in doing crimes such as robbery and killing. People who are desperate to take drugs have to take money from any illegal means to take hold of illegal drugs (Buckley 1996). Buckley adds that government has to appoint many thousands of policemen to chase the people taking and selling drugs illegally and they are involved in pursing the criminals of drugs business. A large number of policemen can do other constructive tasks in place of doing their cat and mouse game with the drug users and sellers (Buckley 1996). Buckley opts for the establishment of federal drugstores with no extra profit that is involved in illegal trafficking of drugs (Buckley 1996). The drug users because if illegal access to drugs are forced to do other crimes illegally. According to Buckley, the jails are full with illegal drug users due to which, the government has to endure a large amount of expenses on those drug criminals. He further informs that medical treatment for drug usage is far cheaper as compared to this cost that is involved in keeping drug criminals in jails. War on drugs has failed because the government is unable to control the usage of drugs by all their measures (Buckley

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix Essay - 1

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix framework gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or comodity chains - Essay Example een dominant concept within theoretical framework of economics as well as strategy studies as different theoretical frameworks such as BCG and Porter’s ideas gave rise to the overall concept of the value chain. However, on a much bigger scale, the idea of value chain encompasses a much larger significance because it interconnects different industries either within the borders or outside the borders of the company. This therefore also means that the global supply chain management is not just a mere concept but a social as well as economic phenomenon. The concept of global commodity chains emphasized on the spatial and territorial dimensions of doing business and is based on the concepts of global chains. A new and more innovative concept is the concept of sector matrix which outlines the interplay of demand and supply forces. By emphasizing the demand distribution and supply interaction, the sector matrix increases the field for visible as it attempts to define much more complicated activities and put more focus on redefining competition not from the perspective of the competing manufacturing systems but from really divergent prospective. Globalization of economic resources of the world have given rise to a new phenomenon where products are hardly produced in the domestic markets as there are innumerable linkages between different players which collectively contribute towards the development of chains which regulate the whole process of manufacturing activity. For example, NIKE outsources almost all of its manufacturing facilities and goods sold in US are made in various countries of the world. Porter’s ideas on the five forces indicate how the firm in a particular industry can gain the competitive advantage. The Porter’s five forces discuss the impact of buyer and suppliers on the given firm as the interaction of both the entities on the firm defines the overall competitive advantage of the firm. What is also however, critical to note that the existing

Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay Example for Free

Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay Studies of construction management address the phenomena of construction problems and explore the nature of construction technology. Manufacturing technologies are categorized into mass, unit and continuous process of productions. Construction technology is classified as a unit production through contrasting construction activities and fabrications. Although the efficiency of construction technology is low in terms of unit production, it is associated with benefits such as zero stocks and flexibility. This report provides a description of materials/techniques used in the current construction of modern domestic properties, industrial unit properties, their comparison and critical analysis of the performance of building structures. It also encompasses on the principles used by builders to perform their functions, characteristics and behaviour of internal materials used in the construction. People have been looking for efficient production systems since the industrial revolution. However, most projects are still built under traditional way of one-of-a-kind production. Application of IT in construction has also failed to produce the intended results. Therefore, nature of construction technology needs to be understood more in order to explain inefficiencies that are surrounding the technology and theory that solves the construction problems (Sarkar 2008). According to Daft (2004), technology refers to the tools, machines, actions and techniques used in transforming organizational information and materials (input) into products and services (output). 1.0 Construction technology                It involves the study of construction techniques to successfully achieve the design of the structure with the recommended specifications (Sabnis, 2011). It includes temporary work and study of construction equipment needed to facilitate the construction process. The recent trend is towards constructing taller and lighter buildings. In order to achieve such buildings, sophisticated equipment needs to be employed in the construction process. 1.1 Current construction techniques/materials                The current methods of construction provide important benefits to developers and housing authorities which reduces the emphasis of on-site activity. This criterion is important particularly in the time of increasing demand of an already stretched labour force. Any new implementation of doing things is faced with risks, but such risks can be mitigated through having good planning and project management. Yvette Cooper, a planning and housing minister quoted, â€Å"people must ensure that the new homes they are constructing are affordable to the next generations. This report shows that it is easier to build cheaper and faster using modern construction techniques whilst keeping high quality of traditional methods. 1.1.1 Modern methods of construction (MMC)                Modern techniques of constructing houses developed as early as 1945 after WWII, it was used by most of the developed countries such as Germany during buildings fabrication after WWII. Later these techniques spread in many countries and they are commonly used in India during the construction process. As technology, construction knowledge and manufacturing processes increase so do the number of available methods of house construction increases to house builders. Modern Method of construction is a collection of new relatively construction techniques aimed at offering advantages over traditional methods (Altenbach, 2013). Conventionally, this is an area pioneered by self builders, mostly in terms of sustainable construction. As developers’ sticks continually to the proven construction techniques that satisfy buyer demand, self builders have been willing to research, try and invest something different so as to achieve individual homes that meet their need. In an effort of increasing housing demand, shortage of skills and the set targets by Code of sustainable homes, many governments are encouraging the house-building sector to develop and use MMC technique in an attempt to meet these challenges. Most of these modern construction techniques evolved from their traditional predecessors. Techniques such as structural insulated panels (SIPS) and thin joint systems with Air Crete blocks are part of the on going evolution of timber frame and masonry construction (Kuzio 2009). Other familiar techniques have developed in the larger scale commercial construction. This has brought alternatives with interesting qualities of house building. Development of steel frame systems and in-situ concrete techniques led to the development of insulated concrete forms (ICF). 1.1.2 Advantages of modern methods of construction Reduced impact on residents and effect of weather on production Controlled manufacture and reduced fuel consumption and disruptions as a result of fewer materials delivered. Reduced construction defects and time consumed. High quality buildings 1.1.3 Modern domestic properties 1.1.4 Illustrations                Larger construction components can be incorporated into either MMC dwellings or conventionally built. They are not full housing ‘systems,’ but they are factory made or site-assembled. This category comprises of the following components and sub-assemblies. This involves a series of assembled components and pre-fabricated ground beams to form quick and accurate foundations (Koerner 2005). These are pre-fabricated panels designed specifically for floor construction. Fewer on-site labour hours are needed per square meter of floor, and the reduced work at heights has safety and potential health benefits (Hearn 2012). It involves designed pre-fabricated panels specifically for pitched roofs. These panels are very stiff which are designed to leave the loft free of props and struts, thus allowing easy production of ‘room’ in the construction of the roof. These roof cassettes make the building become water weight more quickly than cut roof constructions or conventional trussed rafter. These are roofs assembled at ground level before the shell of the dwelling is constructed. It can be craned into place immediately the superstructure is in place hence creating a weather tight structure more quickly rather than assembling the roof in situ (Corum Scotland 2010). Factory made dormers are used to speed up the roof watertight making process. Pre-fabricated lightweight chimney stacks made from factories are mounted on the roof structure without using masonry flue, thus making them suitable for construction of a lightweight frame. These chimney stacks can accommodate flue liners hence functioning with combustion appliances. Wiring looms                Cabling systems are manufactured in a way that they can quickly be assembled with relatively unskilled labour. They are made of various lengths terminated with plugs that are plugged into sockets and other electrical items (Quinn 2008). Standards are critical steps from development and research to marketplace adoption. Today, many industries are faced not only with managing technological development march, but also with pressures of how to do so cost-effectively, efficiently and with environmental and public safety being in mind. The appearance, energy efficiency, component materials and habitable structures’ environmental impacts have dramatically changed over the last few years. This is as a result of successful standardization of processes, new materials and technologies. This section provides a sample of more recently developed shows and construction technologies, which has been facilitated by provision of the needed standards by ASTM international’s technical committees. These standards have swept off technologies of new construction to the drawing board and into the currently built environment. A Building’s Skin                5488940117475Exterior Insulation and Finishing Systems (EIFS) were used in Germany after WW II to resurface buildings that were damaged by the conflict ravages. They are lightweight, systems of multi-layer barrier that helps in keeping moisture from outer walls. With several components, from foam insulation panels fastened to the base and a substrate coat, to the finishing coat and reinforcing mesh, EIFS is a complex system with materials required to connect successfully for years so as to keep moisture at bay (Noble 2011). EIFS standards development has been the key role of ASTM international Committee E06 on buildings’ performance since 1990’s. Their subcommittee E06.58 on finishing systems and exterior insulation published its first EIFS standard, test methods used in determining breaking strength tensile of reinforcing mesh of glass fibre. This publication was for use in class PB finishing systems and exterior insulation, after it was exposed to sodium hydroxide solution in 2000. Stone masonry Veneer                548894093980The design freedom and cost savings offered by the products of stone masonry veneer have led to their increased use in architectural projects. In comparison to natural stone, manufactured stone veneers can be precisely colored, reinforced with steel, and have a predictable and durable life. The appearance consistency of the manufactured products makes repetitive use of materials as a trim or ornament economically feasible. Additionally, older structures can be renovated with manufactured veneer stones that replicate the deteriorating stone’s appearance (Gunn 2012). It is a technology in which sealant adhesives are used to attach the glass to a building. In the last 20years, structural glazing has experienced exponential growth. It has been in use in industrial construction and other city buildings all over the world. Wood-plastic Composites                Since 1990s, recycled plastic and wood waste has been used as environmentally friendly and economic alternatives for decks. Components such as cladding, railings, molding, siding and trim, door frames and window; and structures such as small park benches. Concrete, which have been in use for a long time in construction of roads and structures is developing in a way that make it less expensive, more varied, safer, easier use and even more environmentally friendly. For example, a self-consolidating concrete that flows into forms was proposed in 1980s’ theory by a Japanese scientist. It has recently become viable as it used in infrastructural projects around the world. It properties are achieved by applying high-range-water-reducing mixtures; it increases the total quantity of fines applying admixtures that modify its plastic state viscosity (Li 2011). The innovative building enclosures’ design relies less on past successful precedents than use of building science. This is a result of changes in methods and materials resulting from building innovation technology. Earlier building enclosures were only expected to provide a degree of environmental separation and be durable, but the recent structures must address issues like day lighting, energy efficiency, fire safety, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality and carbon footprint (Grondzik 2008). In half a century ago, wall performance requirements were outlined which are now applicable to all components and enclosure systems. The following are the major considerations that were identified: Rigidity and strength Control of heat flow Control of airflow Control of water vapour flow Liquid water control movement Durability and stability of materials Fire, aesthetic considerations and cost Since the time of Hutcheon, additional objectives such as environmental impact consideration associated with building materials and methods and the need to provide secure and safe buildings have been adopted. The acceptable requirements of wall performance were implicit within traditional materials and methods of construction. With the modern building science advent, they have become more explicit in response to technological innovation. The table below summarizes the requirements of contemporary performance and their corresponding assessment parameters. Moderator versus separator                A critical principle used in building science involves the difference between moderation versus environmental separation. For example, fire and smoke control movement is a strategy that attempts to completely separate fire and smoke from the indoor environment. The approach employs a fire-related assembly that fully controls leakage of smoke by virtue of the construction of its airtight and in some cases, the air pressures’ control between compartmentalized spaces. Moderation involves a strategy where the difference between outdoor and indoor severity environments is moderated within the tolerable threshold. For example, heat transfer control does not seek to minimize the rate to zero, but to a level that satisfies energy efficiency, comfort requirements, and the control of wetting/condensation. The following table summarizes the key control strategies for building enclosures’ design, which is involved in moderation strategy. A review of the corresponding control strategies and physical phenomena indicates the control of moisture migration is of the most important control function that needs to be addressed by designers. Problems of moisture in buildings are common and vary broadly in consequences and types. These consequences range from cosmetic flaws to structural failure and in some cases the occupants’ health can be affected adversely as in the case of mold growth leading to respiratory and allergic problems. 2.0 Range of construction forms 2.1 Provision and access of internal division of spaces within buildings                Service integration should be jointly considered by the architect/designer, service and structural engineers. The interface between the fabric and the structure together with the service installations can cause problems. These problems can be in terms of the need to have re-route services within the structural elements or the purpose of passing through those elements (Luraghi 2008). Both structural and non-structural integration methods should be considered. The following are some of the spaces and divisions that an architect needs to consider. They should be installed so as to provide access to a building roof. The installation and design of the anchorage and the attachment system for the ladders should be described in MMAH standard supplementary. Fuel-fired appliances should be installed in service rooms from the building’s remainder by fire separations with the fire rating resistance which is not less than one hour. A more than 600 mm high roof space needs to be provided with floor access immediately before the hatchway that is not less than 550 mm by 990 mm or by a stairway. It consists of duct spaces and ceiling, which is more than 600mm wide and 1200mm high, shall have inspection doors. It should not be less than 300mm in both vertical and horizontal dimensions placed so that the entire space or duct interior can be viewed (Kuzio 2009). A fabric is a material structure selection, engineering, proper design, installation and fabrication of all work together to ensure a sound structure (Foster 2010). The role of material in the structure’s performance makes the selection process important. This is true particularly with air-supported and tensile structures because their frames, as well as their membranes carry the load. Membrane materials                Fabrics are typically laminated and coated with synthetic materials for environmental resistance and greater strength. Most of the widely used materials are polyester coated or laminated with PVC, woven fiberglass that is coated with silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Films, Meshes and other materials also have appropriate applications. Polyesters                It is the most frequently base material used due to its cost, durability, strength and stretch. They are coated or laminated with PVC films and thus they are the least expensive for long-term fabrications. Laminates consist of vinyl films over knitted or woven polyester meshes. Coated fabrics typically use a high-tensile, high-count coated fabric with a bondable substance at the base for extra strength. Lighter fabrics are commonly used insulated and acoustic liners suspended beneath an envelope of a structure. For long-term exterior application, heavier materials are needed: fabrics with top coatings of PVF or PVDF (Zhu 2011). These top coatings are responsible with providing a protective finish to withstand environmental degradation. Vinyl-coated polyester                It is a common fabric used when producing flexible structures, such as canopies, walkways, custom-designed awnings, smaller air-supported structures, tent hall and light member-framed structures (ManCuso 2012). Properties of building materials Group Properties Physical Shape, Density, Size, Specific Gravity etc., Mechanical Strength, Plasticity, Elasticity, Toughness, Hardness, Ductility, Brittleness, Stiffness, Creep, Impact Strength, Fatigue etc., Thermal Thermal conductivity, Thermal capacity, Thermal resistivity, etc., Chemical Corrosion resistance, Acidity, Chemical composition, Alkalinity etc., Optical Colour, Light transmission, Light reflection etc., Acoustical Sound absorption, Reflection and Transmission. Physiochemical Hygroscopicity, Swell and Shrinkage due to moisture changes 3.2 Comparison of materials/techniques used in construction                The use of steel in the residential construction and housing sector has grown rapidly over the last ten years. This has been facilitated due to the growing appreciation of the performance benefits arising from the nature of the off-site of the construction process, which is particularly important in mixed-use or urban buildings. Steel construction technologies of an off-site increase the speed of construction and improve the final quality of the building, and can add points to the Code for Sustainable Homes. The main steel market in this area is in multi-storey residential buildings, and mostly mix-use buildings. Domestic buildings versus industrial buildings                A building classified as domestic is one which an individual uses as a dwelling place and provides separate family living quarters for separate family units (Richardson 2008). On the other hand, building not used in connection with a residence and not located on the same parcel as a residence, it is classified as industrial property. Most of the industrial/commercial buildings have been using pre-fabricated construction such as ceiling panels, prefab wall panels, flooring system and plasterboards to create interiors of offices (Domone 2008). Prefab materials provide the option of buildings’ customizing for specific needs such as water and fire resistance and soundproofing. However, individual owners of homes have not yet gained enough confidence with prefab construction. This increases its demand for commercial spaces and from large developers but use by individuals in their homes is yet to gain popularity. 4.0 Critical review of how building structures perform                Organization structure may be considered the organization’s anatomy, providing the foundation in which the organization functions. Hall (1977) noted from simple observation that an organizational structure affects its members’ behavior. The particular building’s structure is a major determinant of the people’s activities within it. Hall suggested two basic functions of the structure each of which may affect organizational performance or individual behavior within the industry. First, they are designed at least to minimize or regulate individual variations influence on the organization (Brown and London 2000). Organizational structure is also the setting in which decisions are made, power is exercised, and organization’s activities carried out. Van de Ven (1976) highlighted the structure’s importance both at the subunit levels and the organization for the performance of organizations. Conclusion                Construction technology produces goods and provides services at the same time. The construction process is having low predictability and is highly uncertain. Many intermediate items are integrated and created by human operations with low standardization, mechanization and automation. The benefits of construction technology include high flexibility, zero stock, and satisfactory social needs. As these benefits appreciated, industry that is responsible with construction should consider improving integration of construction job site activities. Thus, we should examine and understand the construction technology fundamentally before successive e-construction programs and construction automation. References Altenbach, H. (2013). Advanced materials modeling for structures. Berlin: Springer. Brophy, V., Lewis, J. O. (2011). A green Vitruvius: principles and practice of sustainable architectural design (2nd ed.). London: Earthscan. Domone, P. L., Illston, J. M. (2010). Construction materials: their nature and behaviour (4th ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Spon Press. Foster, J. S. (2010). Structure and fabric (6th ed.). Harlow: Longman Scientific Technical. Grondzik, W. T. (2008). Principles of building commissioning. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons. Kuzio, T., Kravchuk, R. S., Anieri, P. J. (2009). State and institution building in Ukraine. New York: St. Martins Press. Leatherbarrow, D. (2009). Architecture oriented otherwise. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Luraghi, N. (2008). The ancient Messenians: constructions of ethnicity and memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mancuso, C. (2012). Unsaturated soils research and applications. Berlin: Springer. Sabnis, G. M. (2011). Green building with concrete: sustainable design and construction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Sarkar, S. K., Saraswati, S. (2008). Construction technology. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Zhu, Y. (2011). Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, June 19-22, 2011, Miami, Florida. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. Gunn, S. (2012). Stone House Construction. Melbourne: CSIRO Pub.. Hearn, L., Gray, K. r. (2012). Across the nightingale floor / [sound recording] (Unabridged. ed.). Minneapolis, MN: HighBridge. Koerner, R. M. (2005). Geosynthetics Research and Development in Progress (GRI-18) Geo-Frontiers 2005. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. Li, Z. (2011). Advanced concrete technology. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Noble, J. A. (2011). African identity in post-apartheid public architecture: white skin, black masks. Farnham: Ashgate Pub.. Planning appeal by Corum Scotland Ltd: installation of air conditioning cassettes to roof level at 82 Hyndland Road, Glasgow : [letter]. (2010). Falkirk: Inquiry Reporters Unit. Quinn, J. (2008). An Evaluation of the Eclypse ESP Hand-Held Standing Wave Reflectometer. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center. Source document

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination on the Web Essay Example for Free

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination on the Web Essay People think that racism and discrimination doesn’t exist anymore, but surprisingly they do; both existed throughout human history. Discrimination may be defined as a negative, harmful behaviour toward people based on their group membership. Whereas prejudice which is an opinion rather than a fact; is a negative attitude toward members of a group, that is often very strongly held. Stereotypes are individuals beliefs that members of a group share particular attributes; someone might think that Arabs are terrorists, or doctors are intelligent and compassionate. Unlike prejudice and discrimination-terms that refer to negative attitudes or actions- stereotypes can be either positive or negative. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict will never end, and each individual has a different opinion about it. Ahmed Ramie is a Moroccan-Swedish writer and Holocaust denier, also the founder of the radio station Radio Islam which now operates as a website. Radio Islam is a website owned by a group of freedom fighters from different countries in support of Ahmed Ramies global struggle. Radio Islam is a website that is trying to promote better relations between the West and the Arab and Muslim World; its against racism of all kids and forms also against all kinds of discrimination of people based on their color of skin and faith. Meta-Stereotypes are a persons belief about the stereotype that out-group members hold concerning his or her own group; for example Arabs would believe that Jews hold a negative stereotype of their group (terrorists). Meta-stereotype differs depending on each group; Arabs may hold negative stereotypes against Jews (Occupants). Each group may hold different opinions; Palestinians may consider that their victims of the chosen people (the Jews). Each group believes that they hold the right opinions about others and some of them would never change their opinion. Another hate site that depicts hate towards Jews is Kinsman Redeemer Ministrie, Pastor Mark Downe is strongly honest with his opinion towards Jews, and his title is why we hate Jews. Scapegoat theory is a theory proposing that prejudice occurs because members of dominant groups use discrimination against members of weak target groups to vent their frustration and disappointment. People become frustrated during difficult economic time and tend to take out their frustration on weak targets, for example Jews in Nazi Germany in the late 1930s when Hitler roused anger against Jews by claiming they had too much economic power and blaming them for the impact of the worldwide depression on Germany. Jews were an outcast that many Germans disliked, but when Hitler started his campaign of propaganda, some Germans followed his league. But theres a difference between these two sites; Radio Islam is against Zionism not Judaism, where Kinsman Redeemer Ministries talks specifically about Jews and lists different reasons why people should hate them. One man started this propaganda and changed the whole world, now Hitler is gone but people still carry on with his campaign and spread the hate and racism among others. People should be more considerate about other peoples opinions and beliefs and not hurt them by hate websites or picking on them. Each person in this world is a unique individual who shouldnt be judged based on his/her religion, color, sexuality or ethnicity. Prejudice against overweight women is common now a day, people who are overweight are the targets of widespread prejudice and discrimination, and they may find difficulties finding a job or travelling. Some groups hold hate towards other overweight people, they believe that the fat gene is not an excuse and obesity should not be common among us. If an obese saw a hate website about overweight groups they would feel ashamed and upset that they would eat more rather than fixing their problem. Old-Fashioned Prejudice is one of the forms of prejudice; the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is name of three distinct past and present right-wing organizations in the United States. After the American Civil War the KKK was created on December 24, 1865, this group represents the White Christian civilization they believe in many concepts and rights that should be essential to civilized and moral society. Some people might find them as ignorant and racist but they are certainly convinced about their beliefs and actions towards illegal immigrants and black people. On one of the hate websites KKK they mention white all the time that others might be offended and bothered, their mission is to live in a country with white people only. Again Frustration caused this group it started after the War before that people didn’t mind black people. Martin Luther King has become a human rights icon and he represented all African Americans; he fought for their rights since the 50s. Throughout the history till the present African Americans still might feel discriminated and an outcast. Stereotypes is a huge effect on people and how they feel about others, a kid might not think of a Black man in the middle of the night as a killer or a thief but as this kid grows older and starts watching television and surfing the internet this persons thoughts will change and develop hate towards Black people and somehow fear. In all I would like to wrap up this assignment with saying that Im totally against judging a book from its cover, some people might hate all Jews because some of them occupied Palestine or some Jews would hate all Germans because some of them slaughtered them. But I think thats not only racist but its ignorant, all people should be treated the same and those hate websites can convince teenagers to turn into a hater and Im surprised how they exist from the first place. Websites I visited: -http://radioislam. org/islam/english/index_zion1. htm -http://www. kinsmanredeemer. com/WhyWeHateJews. htm -http://ihatefatpeople. wordpress. com/ -http://www. kkk. bz/.

Functions Of Operating Systems

Functions Of Operating Systems Operating system is the program, which usually installed into the computer by a boot program. It manages all other programs in computer. Sometimes it also called as OS. These programs also called applications. The application uses the operating system by making requests for services through API (Application Program Interface). Sometimes users can directly use the operating system through GUI (Graphical Users Interface) or command language. Operating system is a program that allows you to work with hardware and software on your computer. Basically, there are two ways to use operating system on your computer. The two ways are as follows: 1. for ex., DOS, you type a text commands and computer give respond to you according to your command. This is called command line operating system. 2. With a GUI (Graphical User Interface) operating system (ex., windows). You relate with the computer through graphical user interface with pictures and buttons by using the mouse and keyboard. An operating system is software that enables the computer hardware to communicate and function with the computer software. Most desktop or laptops come or preloaded with Microsoft windows. Macintosh computers are loaded with Mac OS. Many computers or servers use the Linux or UNIX operating system. The operating system is the first thing loaded on the computer- without operating system (OS) the computer is useless and we cant do any functions on it. Now at the moment, operating systems have started to use OS in small computers as well. If we mess with electronic devices, we can see the operating system in many of the devices, which we use every day, from mobile phone to wireless access points. The computer use in these little devices is more powerful and they can easily run operating system and applications of it. The main aim of the operating system is to organize and control the hardware and software so that the device behaves in a flexible way. All computers does not having operating systems, for ex the computer that controls the microwave oven in your kitchen, does not need operating system to work because it has only one set of job to do. The most common window operating systems developed by Microsoft. There are other hundreds of other operating system available for special-purpose applications, including manufacturing, robotics, and mainframes and so on. FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM As we talk about operating system, it does two things at the simplest level: It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. In desktop computers these resources such as processors, memory disk space and more. It provides stable, constant way of applications to deal with the hardware without having the full details of the hardware. The first task, managing the hardware and software resources and it is very important. The various programs and input methods complete for the attention of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and demand memory, storage and input/output (I/O) bandwidth for their own purposes. In this capability the operating system plays the good role of a good parent, and making sure that each application gets the necessary resources while playing efficiently with all other applications, as well as it plays good role of husbanding the limited capacity of the system. The second task is mainly important if there is more than one of a particular type of computer using the operating system. A constant application program interface (API) allows software to write an application on one computer and have a confidence to write a same application on other computer of the same type, even if the sum of the memory or the quantity of storage is different on the two machines. When computer is unique, an operating system can make sure that applications continue to run when hardware upgrades and updates occur. This is because of the operating system not the applications. One of the challenges facing developers is keeping their operating systems flexible enough to run hardware from the thousands of vendors manufacturing computer equipment. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM Within the family of operating system, there are four types of operating system based on the types of computers. The categories are: Real-time operating system (RTOS) Real time operating system used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial system. An RTOS hardly have little user-interface capacity, and no end-user utilities. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the property of the computer so that particular operations executes in same amount of time. In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it may not move at all because the system is busy. Single-user, single task As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is good example of modern single user, single task operating system. Single-user, multi tasking This is very popular operating system; most people use this operating system on their desktop and laptop today. Microsofts Windows and Apples Mac OS are both example of single user, multi tasking operating system. It will let a single user have several programs in operation at same time. For example, it is possible in Windows to write a not in Microsoft word while downloading a file from the internet while printing the text on e-mail message. Multi- user A multi user operating system allows many users to take advantage of the computer resources simultaneously. The operating system make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and each of the program they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that the problem with one users doesnt affect the community of the users. UNIX, VMS and main frame operating systems, such as MVS, are the examples of the operating systems. Its important to differentiate multi user operating system and single user operating system that support networking. Windows 2000 can support hundreds or thousands of networked users.

Reality and Experience in Young Goodman Brown Essay examples -- Litera

In reading Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, many issues come up that arouse interest in topics of knowledge, evil, reality, amongst other things. During my experience reading this text, how Goodman Brown's outlook changed based on information revealed to him that may not even be the "reality" of the people he knows was fascinating. That knowledge gained outside traditional and physical realms can affect the mind and the perception of the world is a fascinating subject. I also found this interesting in conjunction with some of the concepts of literary critics we reviewed this week, as the question of what literature is and what it should do becomes important in the discussion of what happens to Goodman Brown, but subsequently what happens to the reader of his story. To begin, the introduction to Goodman Brown begins with introducing characters that seem to exemplify youthfulness, earnestness, and innocence. Interactions between Goodman and Faith, such as the "parting kiss" (Hawthorne 239), and even the description of Faith, whose cap contains pink ribbons that the wind plays with contains a sense of whimsy and playfulness that sets the reader up thinking of the young couple in positive terms. However, Goodman changes this quickly with his discussion of leaving, as well as his parting. At this point, we see the conflict within the characterization of Goodman Brown emerge, referring to himself as "a wretch...to leave her on such an errand" (239), a contrast to the initial idea presented of him. This is the beginning of what interested me so much, as the appearance of Goodman Brown was presented ambiguously and painted to be "good" by his interactions with Faith, who was described in a bit more detail. The same can be sa... ...or they were representations within an offshoot of "reality" within his own mind based on his experiences in the world. Furthering this, the reader has the same experience with the fictitious world of Goodman Brown, as even though it is a work of fiction, it is grounded in reality based on its ideas alone. All in all, I found the exploration of reality in Young Goodman Brown to be pivotal in its own right, as the function of "reality" and what defines it in literature and its effect not only depends on the author and the content of the work itself. Instead, the transactional nature of art requires a meshing of ideals and experiences to come together to create meaning independent of a single idea or concept. Works Cited Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. 5th ed. New York: Longman, 2011. Print. .

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls - Eva Smith :: English Literature

Eva Smith - character study. There are many reasons for the death of Eva Smith. Each one of the Birling family and Gerald pushed Eva Smith a little closer to suicide but no one person was solely responsible for her death. It was not only the Birling's that contributed to Eva Smith's death but her position in the world she was in, she was very poor and low in society Mr Birling was the first person who we were led to believe started off the train of events that led to the death of Eva Smith. I don't believe that Mr Birling did anything that ultimately push Eva to commit suicide the only thing he did was sack her from his factory after she started to cause trouble demanding higher wages and getting the other girls in the factory to go on strike. Most men in his position would have done the same. Mr Birling said to the inspector, 'She had a lot to say far too much so she had to go ´. Although I don't think that Mr Birling did anything really wrong regarding Eva he does not come off well throughout the play as he shows himself up a number of times because of his personality. The major fault in his personality is that he seems to show no remorse for Eva and his son Eric is annoyed by this. He seems to be a very hard man, and shows no regret for dismissing Eva which led to her death. Sheila was the second person that the Inspector turned on and her part in the run up to Eva's death shows her in an unfavourable light as she turned on Eva because she was jealous of her. Sheila wrongfully used her position as an important customer to turn Eva out of a job. She even admits, 'it was my own fault ´, and that she 'was in a furious temper ´. She was jealous of Eva describing her as a 'very pretty girl too - with big dark eyes ´. Although her actions show her to be a bad tempered, jealous and malicious person you get the impression as she begins to talk that that is quite a harsh view of her and that although she does have bad characteristics she isn ´t really as bad as you first think her to be. She shows herself to be honest admitting straight away all that she had done, that she caught sight of her smiling at the assistant and 'I was furious with her ´. Gerald was the third person to come under the spotlight.

Jane Addams Essay -- essays research papers

Jane Addams founded Hull House in 1889, along with her friend Ellen Starr. Jane had a very compassionate heart from the time she was a young girl. Everywhere she went, Jane had a desire to help people less fortunate than herself. Jane's father helped shape her to become more charitable to others less fortunate. Even as a young girl Jane wanted to know why all people did not live in nice homes with yards like her own. One day she saw a part of town that was run down and she could hardly believe that people could live in such "horrid little houses. That day Jane decided that she wanted to live in a large house in the middle of an awful place as she had seen. Jane wanted to do this so she could make a difference in the lives of people who lived there. Jane Addams was born on September 6, 1860, in Cedarville, Illinois. One year later the War between the North and the South started. That same year the telegraph lines reached coast to coast. While Jane was a young girl, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Jane had the opportunity to go to Rockford Female Seminary at the age of seventeen. It was there at Rockford that Jane decided she wanted to be a missionary in the United States to help the poor. Jane went to Rockford for four years and was an excellent student. She received the highest grades out of every member in her class. Jane enjoyed having fun but was also of a serious nature. After Jane graduated from Rockford, she decided she wanted to be a doctor and work among the poor. Jane went to Philadelphia to go to medical school and because she worked so hard, she became ill and a pain in her back, from her childhood returned. Jane ended up having to stay in bed, strapped to a board, for six months so her back could heal. After Jane recovered from her illness, she still had to wear a tight brace to stop the strain on her back. This brace helped Jane so she was not in pain all the time. Her doctor thought a trip to Europe would help her recover, therefore in August 1882; Jane went to Europe for a vacation. In Europe Jane visited many places, including Ireland, Scotland, and different cities in England. Jane enjoyed London and particularly enjoyed a wax museum called Madame Tussaud's waxworks. One Saturday evening in London Jane and her friends were in a poor part of town, and someone told them they would see the late Saturday evening food sale if th... ... changed. She helped with the law that women could only work an eight-hour day, helped set up the first juvenile court, and helped to change the housing for the poor. They even started the first public playground in Chicago. In 1931, Jane Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She served as president of the league from 1915 to 1929. Over the years, Hull house expanded to be a full block. Jane influenced many people. On May 1, 1935, when Jane Addams died, a large number of those people were there to say good-by. Jane had given her life and all she had to make the lives of the less fortunate better. Blackstock, Josephine. (1950). Jane Addams. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson and Company. Addams, Jane. (1993). The new Grolier CD ROM encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing Co. Addams, Jane. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing Co Hull House. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing Co Hull House. (1993). The new Grolier CD ROM encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing Co. Nobel Prizes. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing Co

Using information and communications technologies for teaching and learning

E-learning is by and large regarded as utilizing information and communications engineerings for learning and larning. These engineerings may include, but are non limited to, the followers: presentation engineerings ( e.g. , PowerPoint ) , the Internet, videoconferencing, e-mail, specialist disciplinary package, larning direction systems such as WebCT, simulations, and educational games. E-learning may affect such hardware as computing machines, personal digital helpers, and cell phones. The media used can unite sound, picture, images and text in a assortment of combinations and utilizing a scope of attacks. E-learning should be regarded as a installation or set of tools, non a peculiar instruction method. Indeed, e-learning may be used to back up about any sort of instructional attack, positive or negative. Examples of utilizing e-learning constructively include attacks which combine more traditional instruction patterns with information and communications engineerings. For illustra tion, an teacher might utilize the Internet during his or her talk to entree on-line lifes that supplement the category presentation. A class web site might incorporate activities that facilitate active acquisition. Communications applications such as on-line treatments groups might be used to enable collaborative job work outing among groups of pupils who have trouble scheduling meetings. Teachers of to the full on-line classs typically use small if any face-to-face direction and depend about wholly on e-learning. The grade to which e-learning is used by teachers varies widely due to a figure of factors including their personal instruction penchants, the nature of the capable affair, the pupils involved every bit good as the handiness of proficient and instructional design support. Quality direction remains the paramount end and e-learning should ne'er be used for its ain interest. The E-Learning Committee identified the undermentioned factors that contribute to the demand to transform instruction and acquisition in higher instruction: germinating nature of â€Å" basic accomplishments † required to be competent professionals the chances provided by the increased effectivity and decreased costs of information and communications engineerings ; permeant usage of information engineering by pupils taking to alterations in larning penchants ; synergism of learning and research ; turning demand for alternate acquisition theoretical accounts to better acquisition and increase handiness ; greater handiness of electronic learning resources and scholarly publications. The combined effects of these five factors make it paramount for the University to reassess and update its scheme for e-learning. E-learning enables greater flexibleness in footings of where and when pupils can take part in larning activities. As a consequence, those involved in discoursing the advantages of utilizing e-learning frequently concentrated on how it reduces barriers to accessing educational plans. However, from a pedagogical point of position, the focal point of e-learning is non on entree, but on larning. E-learning provides scholars with the chance to be more active and to take greater duty for their ain acquisition. It besides gives module a wider assortment of tools for easing engagement and coaction. The E-Learning exists in the context established by the vision, mission, and ends of the University. Information and communications engineerings are praised for their capacity to cross distance, connect communities, provide information, and quickly convey immense volumes of informations. E-learning is an incorporate application of these engineerings. As such it has the possible to act upon how all the academic subjects of the University are realized. Need for Reforms in Tertiary Education to Address New Challenges. Quality confidence can play a cardinal catalytic function in originating reforms to regenerate weak third instruction systems. Despite fluctuations in cultural and political penchants, differences in leading manners within authoritiess every bit good as changing phases of development, there is emerging consensus that traditional academic controls are unequal for reacting to today ‘s challenges and that more expressed confidences about quality are needed ( El-Khawas, DePietro-Jurand, and Holm-Nielsen 1998 ) . New Methods of Delivery Challenge Traditional Approaches to HE Development. Recent progresss in information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) have prompted alterations in the manners of bringing for instruction. The usage of different signifiers of Open and Distance Learning ( ODL ) is on the rise, doing it possible to learn and larn from anyplace in the universe irrespective of one ‘s geographical location relation to the beginning of bringing. On-line instruction is turning, even within regular â€Å" brick and howitzer † establishments. These new methods besides render third instruction â€Å" borderless † -students have options for entree to higher instruction beyond their national boundaries and suppliers of HE can make pupils anyplace in the universe without holding to procure clearance from any local authorization. This is a positive development, particularly for states which can non afford to put in brick and howitzer establishments ( for illustratio n, little states, weak economic systems ) to run into the turning societal demand. However, in the absence of an effectual QA system, consumers lack a dependable footing for taking between different borderless offers, and authoritiess would non hold a mechanism for keeping these suppliers accountable for the quality of their plans. In Africa this tendency is expressed in the turning attending accorded to constructing capacities for distance instruction. The part now hosts four unfastened universities, with programs to set up at least two more in the close hereafter. Likewise, the proviso of instruction â€Å" at a distance † by traditional universities is steadily spread outing. In Tanzania, the Open University of Tanzania ( OUT ) is now the largest university in the country-only 15 old ages after its constitution. The African Virtual University which was ab initio incubated in the World Bank is now a good recognized leader in unfastened and distance e-learning ( ODEL ) in Africa with a web that spans over 20 English and French-speaking states. Though some acquaintance with quality confidence processes for traditional ( print-based ) distance larning systems has been acquired on the continent, the new manners of bringing pose a challenge because there neither criterions nor expertness are presently avail able to modulate quality.1.2 Research Aim and AimsPurposeThe purpose of this thesis is to â€Å" To research the quality confidence in e-learning and its effectivity in footings of bettering the quality of acquisition, and to urge schemes for effectual quality confidence in e-learning for the colleges and universities.AimsThe aims in order to accomplish this purpose are as follows: Review the developments in quality confidence in e-learning and analyze the e-learning facets of quality confidence. To analyze the quality confidence criterions in e-learning and their effectivity. Study the effectivity of quality confidence in an e-learning context, and place the chief challenges and the critical success factors. Develop appropriate schemes for the execution of effectual quality confidence in e-learning.1.3 Problem StatementThe current survey purposes to reply the following overall job. Is at that place important difference in the effectivity of quality confidence in e-learning in the public and private universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain in footings of their course of study design, class design, and class bringing? To reply this inquiry, the undermentioned sub-problems shall be addressed: To what extent does effectivity of quality confidence in e-learning occur in the higher instruction establishments ( HEIs ) in footings of course of study design, class design, and class bringing as perceived by its module members, pupils, and stakeholders? What are the jobs or barriers encountered by the respondents on the quality confidence in e-learning? What success factors in e-learning perceived by the respondents in the private colleges and universities? What challenges and schemes in e-learning observed by the respondents on the execution of the quality confidence in the university? What possible suggestions/recommendations to better e-learning in the colleges and universities?1.4 Research ApproachThe primary informations aggregation will be conducted through study questionnaires and unstructured interviews nevertheless, the secondary informations aggregation through extended literature reappraisal taken from books, diaries, magazines, and other related reading stuffs in e-learning. The informations collected from both the beginnings will be integrated and so analysed. Qualitative analysis will be used for the informations being collected from both the attacks. However, quantitative analysis will be done by the research worker after roll uping the information for analysis and reading to cognize the findings of the survey on the quality confidence in e-learning hence, carry throughing the purpose of this research. Furthermore, the Primary Data Collection will be taken from the Survey Questionnaires and informal ( unstructured ) Interviews from the respondents of the selected colleges and universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain. However, the Secondary Data Collection will be taken from the literature reappraisal such as books, diaries, magazines, internet links, and other related readings on e-learning facets. After the information is being collected from the primary and secondary beginnings, the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Approach will be used to analyze the research information. The analysis will be done after the retrieval of the study questionnaire. However, the informations will be analysed and interpreted utilizing textual or tabular presentation based on the consequences of the statistical analysis. Hence, in the reading of informations deductions is needed and besides supported with related literature or surveies to beef up the analysis and reading of informations which are important to the findings of the survey.1.5 Outline of the DissertationChapter 1: Introduction and Background. The intent of this chapter is to present the job on the effectivity of the quality confidence in e-learning, its challenges and schemes. It besides presents the principle behind the determination of prosecuting this research, based on the observations made by the research worker and other wri ters. It concludes with the word picture of the attack adopted in the structuring of the thesis. Chapter 2: Reappraisal of Related Literature. The intent of this chapter is to present and examine exhaustively the bing literature in the country of the quality confidence of higher instruction establishments ; e-learning quality confidence ; and e-learning success factors ; and other related surveies on e-learning facets. Besides, a theoretical research theoretical account has been proposed and research hypotheses have been developed. Chapter 3: Research Methodology. The intent of this chapter is to show the research design and methodological analysis of the survey. It besides includes the respondents of the survey, proof of research instrument, informations aggregation method, and informations analysis. Chapter 4: Datas Analysis and Findings. The intent of this chapter is to show the analysis and reading of the information, and besides the treatment on the effectivity of the quality confidence in e-learning, problems/barriers encountered, success factors, and quality confidence challenges and schemes. However, the descriptive-survey attack will be employed in this survey. However, tabular and textual signifier will be used in showing the information analysis. Chapter 5: Drumhead, Conclusions, and Recommendations. This chapter is a sum-up of the whole thesis. It provides an appraisal of the importance of the research done and it is an lineation of possible future research strands.DrumheadThis chapter provides an debut to the thesis along with brief treatment of the background on the construct of e-learning in the Kingdom of Bahrain peculiarly in the HEIs – Higher Education Institutions. It besides presented the Aim and Objectives and briefly discusses the country of research, literature reappraisals and provides principle for carry oning this survey. The research purpose and aims are made clear and the research attack is presented.

Cyber Crime

Crime   is   on   the   rise   just   about   everywhere   these   days,   but   nowhere   has   this   up   rise   in   crime   become   more   apparent   than   in   cyber   space.   Like   so   many   other   aspects   of   our   lives,   major   fraud   has   gone   high   tech.The   FBI   estimates   that   businesses   alone   lose   an   upwards   of   $1.5   trillion   annually   as   a   direct   result   of   cyber   crimes.   The   number   of   these   crimes   has   tripled   in   the   past   two   years   and   the   numbers   continue   to   climb.   (O’Leary   &   O’Leary)   p. 287Through   the   duration   of   this   essay   we   will   be   embarking   on   a   journey   into   the   dark   and   seedy   world   of   cyber   crime.   Within   this   text   you   will   find,   the   definition   of   cyber   crime,   the   most   typical   types   of   cyber   criminals,   as   well   as   the   most   common   forms   of   cyber   crime.The   exact   definition   of   cyber   crime   is   still   evolving.   (   www.davislogic.com/cybercrime.htm   ).   Cyber   crime,   or   computer   crime,   is   an   extremely   broad   term.   This   term   is   most   commonly   used   to   describe   criminal   activity   committed   where   a   computer   or   network   is   the   source,   tool,   or   target   of   a   crime.   Like   traditional   crime,   cyber   crime   can   take   many   shapes   and   occur   at   any   time   or   any   place.When   an   individual   is   the   main   target   of   cyber   crime,   the   computer à ‚  can   be   considered   a   tool   rather   than   the   target.   These   crimes   generally   involve   less   technical   expertise   as   the   damage   done   manifests   itself   in   the   real   world.   In   these   types   of   cases   the   damage   dealt   is   primarily   psychological.By   now   many   of   us     are   all   too   familiar   with   spam.   Spam   or   spamming   refers   to   the   abuse   of   electronic   messaging   systems   to   send   unsolicited   bulk   messages indiscriminately.   While   the   most   widely   recognized   form   of   spam   is   e-mail   spam,   the   term   can   also   be   applied   to   similar   abuses   in   other   media.Some   of   these   abuses   include;   instant   messaging   spam,   web   search   engine   spam,   s pam   in   blogs,   wiki   spam,   mobile   phone   messaging   spam,   social   networking   spam,   as   well   as   internet   forum   spam. As   applied   to   email,   specific   anti-spam   laws   are   relatively   new,   however   limits   on   unsolicited   electronic   communications   have   existed   in   some   forms   for   some   time.Another   common   crime   plauging   cyber   space   is   identity   theft.   Internet   identity   theft   is   different   from   common   identity   theft   in   a   few   different   ways.   Common   identity   theft   is   different   from   common   identity   theft   takes   place   after   something   is   physically   stolen   from you   like   a   wallet   containing   credit   cards   and   a   driver’s   license   or   an   un-shredded   credit   card   statement from   your   garbage   bin.The   thief   would   take   these   stolen   articles   and   use   them   to   make   a   fraudulent   purchase   or   something   of   that  Ã‚   nature. Internet   identity   theft   can   be   much   more   devastating   than   conventional   identity   theft   at   times   due   to   the   fact   that   most   victims   of   internet   identity   theft   are   completely   unaware   that   anything   has   been   stolen   from   them   until   it   is   far   too   late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gone   are   the   days   when   we   had   to   step   outside   to   purchase   our   groceries,   book   flights,   and   vacations,   or   simply   transfer   money   between   bank   accounts.Today,   we   can   simply   grab   our   checkbooks,   debit   cards   or   credit   cards,   sit   down   at   a   computer   in   the   comfort   and   safety   of   our   home,   and   complete   these   transactions   with passwords   and   PIN   numbers.Thanks   to   advances   in   technology,   the   types of   transactions   we   can   now   complete   online   are   virtually   endless.   Unfortunately,   the   increase   in   online transactions   has   been   accompanied   byà ‚   an   increase   in   online   identity   theft.   Fraudulent   access   to   personal information   over   the   internet   is   increasingly   prevalent   and   sophisticated.Two   forms   of     identity   theft   are   at   the   forefront   of   this   internet   piracy are   phishing   and   pharming.     Both   pharming   and   phishing   are   methods   used   to   steal   personal   information   from   unsuspecting   people   over   the   internet.   Phishing   typically   involves   fraudulent   bulk   email   messages   that   guide   recipients   to   (legitimate   looking)   fake   web   sites   and   try   to get   them   to   supply   personal   information   like   account   passwords.   Pharming   is   in   many   ways   similar   to   phishing.Pharmers   also   send   emails.   The   consumer,   however,   can   be   duped   by   the   pharmer   without   even opening   an   email   attachment.   The   consumer   compromises   his   personal   financial   information   simply   by opening   the   email   message.The   pharming   email   message   contains   a   virus   that   installs   a   small   software   program   on   the   end   user’s   computer.   Subsequently,   when   the   consumer   tries   to visit   an   official   web   site,   the   pharmer’s   software   program   redirects   the   browser   to   the   pharmer’s   fake   version   of   the   web   site.   This   allows   the   pharmer   to   capture   the   personal   financial   information that   the   consumer   enters   into   the   counterfeit   web   site,   and   the   consumer’s   a ccount   is   again   compromised.The   latest   form   of   pharming   does   not   require   email   at   all.   Password   stealing   Trojan   horses   can   attack   through   Microsoft   Messenger   where   key loggers   are   run.   Key loggers   are   viruses   that   track   a   user’s   keystrokes   on   legitimate   sites   and   steal   passwords,   allowing   a   thief   to   have   access   to   a   consumer’s   password   for   future   fraudulent   transactions.The   most   common   blunder   people   make   when   the   topic   of   a   computer   virus   arises   is   to   refer   to   a worm   or   Trojan   horse   as   a   virus.   While   the   words   Trojan,   worm   and   virus   are   often   used   interchangeably,   they   are   not   exactly   the   same.à ‚  Viruses,   worms   and   Trojan   horses   are   all   malicious   programs that   can   cause   damage   to   your   computer,   but   there   are   differences   among   the   three,   and   knowing   those   differences   can   help   you   to   better   protect   your   computer   from   their   often   damaging   effects.A   computer   virus   attaches   itself   to   a   program   or   file   enabling   it   to   spread   from   one   computer   to another,   leaving   infections   as   it   travels.   Like   a   human   virus,   a   computer   virus   can   range   in   severity. Some   viruses   may   cause   only   mildly   annoying   effects   while   others   can   damage   your   hardware,   software   or   files.Almost   all   viruses   are   attached   to   an   executable   file ,   which   means   the   virus   may   exist   on   your computer,   however,   it   may   not   actually   infect   your   computer   unless   you   run   or   open   the   malicious   program.  It   is   important   to   note   that   a   virus   cannot   be   spread   without   human   action,   such   as   running an   infected   program   in   order   to   keep   it   going.   People   continue   the   spread   of   a   computer   virus,   mostly unknowingly,   by   sharing   infecting   files   or   sending emails   viruses   as   attachments   in   the   email.In   summary,   the   same   types   of   fraud   schemes   that   have   victimized   consumers   and   investors   for   many years   before   the   creation   of   the   internet   are   now   appearing   online.  In   the   process,   they   not   only   cause   harm   to   consumers   and   investors,   but   also   undermine   consumer   confidence   in   legitimate   e-commerce   and   the   internet.People   who   commit   cyber   crime   are   cyber   criminals.   Like   cyber   crime,   cyber   criminals   can   take   many   forms.   These   criminals   are   typically   terrorists,   child   predators,   members   of   organized   crime,   employees,   outside   users,   hackers   and   crackers.   It   is   important   to   point   out   the   difference   between   hackers   and   crackers.   Hackers   are   individuals   who   gain   unauthorized   access   to   a   computer   system   simply   for   the   thrill of   it.   Crackers   do   the   same   thing,   but   for   malicious   purposes.Computer   hackin g   is   most   common   among   teenagers   and   young   adults,   although   there   are   many older   hackers   as   well.   Many   hackers   are   true   technology   buffs   who   enjoy   learning   more   about   how computers   work   and   consider   computer   hacking   an   art   form.   They   often   enjoy   programming   and   have expert   level   skills   in   one   particular   program.For   these   individuals,   computer   hacking   is   a   real   life   application   of   their   problem   solving   skills.   It   is   perceived   as   a   chance   to   demonstrate,   or   showcase   their abilities,   and   talents,   and   not   an   opportunity   to   harm   others.Cracking   is   the   act   of   breaking   into   a   computer   system,   often   on   a   network.   Cont rary   to   popular   belief,   crackers   are   hardly   mediocre   hackers.  Ã‚   Computer   hackers   were   early   pioneers   of   computing.   These   early   pioneers   were   frantically   dedicated   to   inventing   and   exploring   how   things   worked.   As   a   part   of   the   sixties   generation,   these   hackers   were   also   prone   toward   being   anti-establishment   and   somewhat   disrespectful   towards   property   rights.Eventually   a   pair   of   these   hackers,   Steve   Wozniak   and   Steven   Jobs,   hacked   together   the   first   commercially   successful   personal   computer,   the   Apple.   The   sixties   generation   hackers   flooded   this   new   industry   and   many   quickly   attained   positions   of   wealth   and   authority   creating   the   inf ormation   communications   ecology   that   dominates   Western   life.   Meanwhile,   two   things   happened.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A   new   generation   of   hackers   emerged.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The   world   economic   and   social   order   went   completely   digital,   and   so   crime   as   we   know   it   went   digital   as   well.It   is   somewhere   at   the   interstices   of   the   new   generation   of   alienated   young   hackers   ( they   sometimes   refer   to   themselves   as   Ã¢â‚¬Å"cyberpunks† )   and   the   world   of   sometimes   organized   crime   that   we   locate the   concept   of   the   cracker.   The   term   is,   to   some   degree,   an   attempt   by   the   now   established   older-generation   hackers   to   separate   themselves   from   computer   crime.The   debate   still   rages   as   to   what   constitutes   the   difference   between   hacking   and   cracking.   Some   say   that   cracking   represents   any   and   all forms   of   rule   breaking   and   illegal   activity   using   a   computer.   Others   would   define   cracking   only   as   particularly   destructive   criminal   acts.  Others   would   claim   that   the   early   hackers   were   explicitly   anarchistic   and   that   acts   of   willful   destruction   against   Ã¢â‚¬Å"the   system†   have   a   place   in   the   hacker   ethos,   and   that   therefore   the   term   cracker   is   unnecessary   and   insulting.This   concludes   our   journey   into   the   world   of   cyber   crime.   Through   the   course   of   our   journey   we   have   successfully   defined   cyber   crime,   identified   typical   cyber   criminals,   and   discussed   some   of  Ã‚   the   most   common   forms   of   cyber   crime.The   effects   of   cyber   crime   are   far   reaching.   It   would   be   a   difficult   task   to   find   someone   who   has   never   been   affected   by   malicious   internet   activity,   or   who   does   not at   the   very   least   know   someone   who   has   been   negatively   impacted   by   cyber   criminals.  Advances   in internet   technology   and   services   continue   to   open   up   innumerable   opportunities   for   learning,   networking and   increasing   productivity.   However,   malware   authors,   spammers   and   phishers   are   also   rapidly   adopting   new   and   varied   attack   vectors .If   the   internet   is   to   become   a   safer   place,   it   is   imperative   to   understand   the   trends   and   developments   taking   place   in   the   internet   threat   landscape   and   maintain   online security   practices.   Internet   threats   continue   to   increase   in   volume   and   severity.It   is   important   that   computer   users   are   on   guard   in   order   to   make   themselves   less   vulnerable   to   risks   and   threats.   Staying on   top   of   the   trends   and   developments   taking   place   in   online   security   is   critical   for   both   industry   researchers   and   all   computer   users   alike.  References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O’Leary,   T. J. ,   &   O’Leary   L.   I.   (   2008   ) .   Computing   essentials   introductory    2008.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New   York:   The   McGraw-Hill   Companies.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cyber   Crime.   (   2008   ) .   Types   of   cyber   crime.   Retrieved   September   27th   ,   2008 ,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From   http://www.davislogic.com/cybercrime.htm